Graft rejection

In Drug by Camille Benoist Views: 7

When a transplant are healthy organs, parts of organs, tissues, or cells of a deceased or a living donor transferred to a chronically seriously ill people. This operation aims to reflect the function of its ruined institutions to the recipient. Transplantation helps to save the lives of these people. However, a successful transplant only under certain conditions, can be done. Transplanted organs as ultimately foreign body material of the organism. The immune system recognizes it as such, and reacts with a natural rejection reaction. The rejection of the planted organ remains out only between equal-erbgut monozygotic twins. The larger is the genetic difference between donor and recipient, the extent of organ rejection is more fierce. You are therefore strives to keep the heritage goods-related difference of donors and recipients as small as possible by one pays attention when donors and recipients as possible similar and compatible properties of tissue and blood groups. There is still a rejection, here are two types:

• Acute rejection reaction: it occurs directly after transplantation. Clotting factors and immune reaction of the body’s own immune cells play a crucial role here. It comes to the services and the death of the transplanted organ. General symptoms such as fever, physical weakness, pain, loss of appetite and weight loss occur. Occasionally, it may be increasingly to nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, skin lesions, and water retention.
• Chronic rejection reaction: a chronic rejection reaction exists over the course of months and years a slow conversion of normal graft in a form of fibrous scar. This creates a loss of organ function gradually up to the final “dissolution” of the transplanted organ. The occurring symptoms depend on the nature of the transplanted organ. There is, for example, in chronic rejection of a transplanted kidney to a slowly progressive renal failure.

  Other application fields relevant in this context:

  • Inflammation
  • Fever
  • Pain (mild to moderately strong)
  • Pain (strong to very strong)
  • Nausea and vomiting

  When to the doctor?

  Transplants should be made only in a serious environment. Then close control of Organempfängers is part of the medical treatment before and after the procedure anyway.

  Should symptoms occur suddenly like fever, chills, persistent discomfort, unintentional weight loss, pain or increasing physical weakness, a doctor is immediately to look for.

  Causes

  The specific foreign tissue properties of the transplanted organ are the cause for rejection. Antigens, which are attacked by T-cells (specialized cells of the immune system) are located on the cell surfaces of transplant. T cells respond to foreign or endogenous degenerate and infiltrate the graft.

  T cells recognize and destroy the cells of the body of the donor, and intervene in the infection process also regulating and controlling. They develop their effect through specific messengers (Interleukins). The charge of this interleukin cause inflammatory symptoms such as fever and pain.

  Rejection can be also due to direct antibody formation of transplant recipient or pathological changes in vessel.

  The doctor can do that

  To get the functionality of transplant, the rejection reaction of the body is suppressed. Although the frequency decreases of rejection after years in statistically measurable, a real acceptance of foreign body through the body without drugs (“development of tolerance”) is extremely rare. This means that the drugs to suppress the rejection response over the lifetime of the transplanted organ must be included. For this purpose, certain Immunologika, the so-called immunosuppressive drugs available are. The immunosuppressive drugs are divided into groups based on their method of action:

  • Glucocorticoids such as, for example, cortisone glucocorticoids inhibit immune reactions. You block the release and effects of inflammation and immune Messenger substances such as, for example, interleukin-2. Glucocorticoids administered in high doses, this inhibition of inflammatory or immune suppression occurs quickly.
  • Calcineurininhibitoren such as such as Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine calcineurin is an enzyme that stimulates important inflammatory activators in the cell nucleus of immune cells (T-lymphocytes, femtoliters) via several steps. In this way, the inhibition of Calcineurinwirkung by the Calcineurininhibitoren leads to a reduced response of the immune system.
  • Antimetabolite like for example azathioprine for a reaction of rejection there of rapid replication certain defence important blood cells. Very often, the genetic information (DNA) of the cells must be duplicated for such a proliferation. Antimetabolite be used instead of normal building blocks for the development of DNA. Those cells that have built the active substance into their genetic information, perish. Because particularly the immune cells divide during an immune response, they need the most DNA and therefore also most affected. So the immune system is inhibited through the use of antimetabolites.

  After a kidney transplant, often three drugs from three groups are combined to E.g. ciclosporin, azathioprine and cortisone. On the application of drugs, their effects and side-effects, a detailed consultation should take place in any case with the attending physician.
  

  You can do that

  Phenomena of rejection are in the hands of the physician.

  When to the doctor?

  Transplants should be made only in a serious environment. Then close control of Organempfängers is part of the medical treatment before and after the procedure anyway.

  Should symptoms occur suddenly like fever, chills, persistent discomfort, unintentional weight loss, pain or increasing physical weakness, a doctor is immediately to look for.

  Treatment with prescription medications

  In the following table, you will find an overview of active substances which may be used in the area of “Rejection”. You can display the prescription drugs containing the respective active substance, for each active substance. Below the name of each active ingredient information on the effects of the active substance will be displayed in addition.

  Overview of the active substances in the area of “Rejection”
  Sort by: active ingredient number drugs
  Active substance	Number of drugs
  Cyclosporine Effects and applications of the active substance: Prevent organ rejection after transplants inhibit severe inflammation of the eyes at risk of blindness relieve severe autoimmune diseases alleviate certain kidney disease treat severe rheumatoid arthritis	Show 5 drugs
  Azathioprine Effects and applications of the active substance: Weaken immune system Inhibit immune system in autoimmune diseases treat severe Eczema Prevent rejection after organ transplants Prevent growth of cancerous tissue	Show 5 drugs
  Prednisolone Effects and applications of the active substance: Inhibit inflammation relieve allergic reactions Compensate for the weakness of the adrenal cortex Compensate for the weakness of the pituitary anterior lobe relieve rheumatologic disorders Relieve connective tissue remodeling diseases alleviate acute inflammatory phase of multiple joints positive influence on chronic inflammation To treat heart disease Relieve bronchus and lung diseases such as asthma bronchiale Mitigate different cause lung tissue diseases Prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants Relieve larynx and tracheal outcome (such as pseudo-Krupp) allergic and or inflammatory skin diseases cure Relieve hay fever and allergic rhinitis Support tumor treatment To treat blood diseases of various cause Alleviate symptoms of malignant diseases Prevent vomiting by chemotherapy and treat Relieve infectious diseases alleviate neurological disorders Minimize inflammation of the eyes Favourably affect diseases of the digestive tract and liver Diseases of the kidneys and derived urinary tract relief relieve inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases	Show 3 drugs
  Mycophenolic Effects and applications of the active substance: Prevent organ rejection after transplants.	Show 3 drugs
  Methylprednisolone Effects and applications of the active substance: Relieve inflammation Inhibit allergies treat rheumatic diseases Treat allergies Treat skin diseases treat multiple sclerosis Treat hormone disorders Relieve kidney disease Relieve bronchial asthma Treat diseases in the gastrointestinal tract relieve chronic respiratory diseases alleviate acute bronchitis	Show 1 drug
  Diltiazem Effects and applications of the active substance: Lower blood pressure in hypertension Reducing oxygen consumption of the heart in heart muscle weakness Dilating blood vessels Handle various forms of angina pectoris Prevent transplant rejection after kidney transplants While autoimmune unterdrückenden therapy after kidney transplants reduce Cyclosporine A toxicity.	Show 1 drug
  Tacrolimus Effects and applications of the active substance: Treat redness for eczema Treat itching in Eczema Prevent organ rejection in kidney or liver transplants Reduce organ rejection reaction after liver transplantation To severe allergic skin irritation prevent resurgence of a medium	Show 1 drug
  7 of 7 active substances